THE EVOLUTION OF SPETSNAZ FROM 1979-2021

Abstract

This thesis focuses on the evolution of the Spetsnaz from 1979-2021 as part of a more extensive examination of how Russia executes its irregular warfare strategy. The author analyzes Spetsnaz operations through six different case studies: the Soviet-Afghan War, the First Chechen War, the Second Chechen War, the Russo-Georgian War, the Annexation of Crimea, and Russia's Intervention in Syria. Significant evolution of the Spetsnaz operations began after Russia's defeat in the First Chechen War. In more recent conflicts, Russia and Spetsnaz units gained a better understanding of executing counter-insurgency operations. The most significant evolution of the Spetsnaz came after the Russo-Georgian War when Russia made improvements to the Spetsnaz command structure and modernized their equipment. These improvements led to successful operations during Russia's annexation of Crimea and Intervention in Syria. These case studies yielded two critical insights. First, while employment of Spetsnaz as a supporting force yielded low level tactical wins, these gains have not been historically consolidated. The second conclusion has more dangerous ramifications for U.S. policy and strategic competition. When Spetsnaz forces have been adequately supported by Russian operational and strategic imperatives, they can and will operate as a near-peer adversary that can challenge the United States.