British and French strategic nuclear force modernization: programs, strategies, and implications

Abstract

Britain and France are currently modernizing and expanding their nuclear arsenals. This thesis examines the current British and French strategic nuclear force modernization programs and weapon systems. It specifies the important differences between the two nations with regard to strategic rationales for nuclear forces and nuclear targeting. It includes an analysis of several additional factors affecting their respective modernization programs, including alternative options considered, domestic politics, technology, national economies, defense spending, and American co-operation. After examining these modernizations within the context of the past and present development of British and French deterrence and strategic nuclear policies, the thesis suggests implications for British and French nuclear programs and strategy for the next decade and into the twenty-first century.