THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL EXCLUSION IN THE RESILIENCE OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS: THE CASE OF BOKO HARAM
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Authors
Ofori-Anson, Stephen Jr.
Subjects
terrorism financing
financial exclusion
counter-terrorism
governance
territorial control
Africa
Boko Haram
AML/CFT
financial exclusion
counter-terrorism
governance
territorial control
Africa
Boko Haram
AML/CFT
Advisors
Dahl, Erik J.
Date of Issue
2025-03
Date
Publisher
Monterey, CA; Naval Postgraduate School
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Abstract
Terrorist organizations (TOs) across Africa exhibit remarkable resilience despite extensive counter-terrorism financing measures. This study investigates the role of financial exclusion in sustaining terrorist operations, focusing on how limited access to formal financial services facilitates illicit financial flows. Using a mixed-methods approach, including quantitative analysis of financial inclusion data, governance indicators, and territorial control metrics across six African countries (Algeria, Egypt, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, and Nigeria), this research identifies critical thresholds that determine counter-terrorism success. The findings reveal that while territorial control above 93% significantly reduces terrorist incidents, sustainable counter-terrorism outcomes require concurrent improvements in governance effectiveness and financial inclusion. The study further highlights that digital financial inclusion alone, as seen in Mali, is insufficient without broader regulatory and security measures. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for an integrated approach that prioritizes security operations alongside institutional and financial sector reforms to disrupt terrorist financing networks effectively. This research contributes to counter-terrorism studies by refining the relationship between financial exclusion, governance weaknesses, and TO resilience.
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Distribution Statement
Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release: Distribution is unlimited.
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Copyright is reserved by the copyright owner.