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Predicting the underwater sound of moderate and heavy rainfall from laboratory measurements of radiation from single large raindrops

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Author
Ostwald, Leo H., Jr.
Date
1992-03
Advisor
Nystuen, Jeffrey A.
Medwin, Herman
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Abstract
Large raindrops (greater than 2.2 mm diameter) that strike a water surface at terminal velocity are capable of creating bubbles that radiate significant underwater acoustical energy. Previous studies have revealed positive correlation between underwater sound spectral levels during rainfall and the number of large raindrops present. Therefore, laboratory measurements have been made of the underwater sound generated by large raindrops. Using the laboratory measurements, smoothed energy density spectra for various sizes of large raindrops are determined. These spectra are then used to compute a predicted underwater sound spectrum due to rainfall for rainfall rates of 15 mm/hr and 100 mm/hr, assuming an exponential (Marshall-Palmer) raindrop size distribution. The resulting spectra are compared to underwater sound spectra measured at sea during periods with similar rainfall rates. The predicted rainfall spectra are comparable to the measured rainfall spectra. Possible reasons for differences are discussed. An inversion technique for obtaining the raindrop size distribution from the rainfall acoustical spectrum is presented. An alternate approach for obtaining the required inversion matrix is suggested for future work.
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This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, United States Code, Section 101. Copyright protection is not available for this work in the United States.
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10945/24011
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  • 1. Thesis and Dissertation Collection, all items

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    Underwater sound radiation from single large raindrops at terminal velocity: the effects of a sloped water surface at impact 

    Miller, Glenn A., Sr. (Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992-12);
    Previous studies have shown that terminal velocity raindrops striking a smooth water surface create oscillating bubbles that radiate significant underwater sound energy. Those studies identified two diameter ranges that ...
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    Underwater sound radiation from large raindrops 

    Jacobus, Peter W. (Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991-09);
    The principal underwater sound energy radiated by terminal velocity raindrops at sea is due micro-bubble entrainment and oscillations which occur for drops of the two diameter ranges 0.8 to 1.1 mm (Type I) and 2.2 to 4.6 ...
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    A characterization of underwater sound produced by heavy precipitation 

    Tan, Chih-Lung (Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1990-12);
    An experiment by the Naval Postgraduate School and the National Data Buoy Center was performed in the Gulf of Mexico to investigate the underwater sound generated by heavy precipitation under a variety of conditons. During ...
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