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Double-Diffusive Convection

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Author
Radko, Timour
Date
2008
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Abstract
Even in systems with a negative vertical density gradient, instability is possible if the density is controlled by two components (e.g. temperature T and salinity S) that diffuse at different rates [24]. In the oceans, temperature diffuses approximately 100 times faster than salt, and so many regions of the ocean are potential candidates for so-called “double-diffusive instability”. Doubly-diffusive effects were observed by several authors before Stern [24] explained the physical mechanism responsible. Jevons [4] and Ekman [1] had previously observed instability at the interface between temperature stratified water and an overlying layer of denser fluid, but neither recognised the significance of double-diffusion. Later, Stommel et al. [28] showed that a “perpetual salt fountain” can arise when a tube is inserted vertically through the interface between a layer of warm, salty water overlying cold, fresh water. The fountain persists until the system becomes well mixed. This experiment has recently been realised on an industrial scale [29]. There are two forms of double-diffusive instability, referred to as “salt fingers” and “diffusive convection”.
Description
The article of record as published may be found at https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/handle/1912/2803
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This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, United States Code, Section 101. Copyright protection is not available for this work in the United States.
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https://hdl.handle.net/10945/62336
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    Applicability and failure of the flux-gradient laws in double-diffusive convection 

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    Dynamics of fingering convection I: Small-scale fluxes and large-scale instabilities 

    Traxler, A.; Stellmach, S.; Garaud, P.; Radko, T.; Brummell, N. (2011);
    Double-diffusive instabilities are often invoked to explain enhanced transport in stably-stratified fluids. The most-studied natural manifestation of this process, fingering convection, commonly occurs in the ocean's ...
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